PFAS Destruction for the Solid Waste & Landfill Industry
Waste Expo 2025

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The Journey of PFAS in Landfills: A Cycle That Never Ends

Consumer products like pesticides, fast food packaging, shampoo bottles, non-stick cookware, and textiles are top sources of PFAS waste in landfills. Once there, PFAS can leach into the environment and linger for decades—creating serious environmental and health risks.

1. From Packaging to Landfill
PFAS-treated wrappers are tossed into the trash and sent to a municipal landfill.
2. Leaching into Leachate
Rainwater filters through the landfill, picking up PFAS and creating contaminated leachate.
3. Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
That leachate is sent to a WWTP, where PFAS from many sources mix together—including household, commercial, and industrial discharges.
4. From Biosolids to Fields
Most PFAS bind to biosolids during treatment. These biosolids are commonly used as fertilizer, spreading PFAS onto agricultural land and into the food supply.
5. Right Back to the Start
Even when PFAS are filtered out of drinking water, the used filtration media are often landfilled, allowing PFAS to re-enter the cycle.

Current PFAS Disposal Methods Have Limitations

Several technologies are used to manage PFAS-containing waste, but most focus on separation and containment rather than permanent removal. These approaches can shift the burden downstream, increasing long-term liability and attracting regulatory scrutiny.

Immobilizes PFAS-containing materials by mixing them with binding agents. This reduces mobility but does not degrade the compounds, which can persist and potentially migrate over time.
Disposes of PFAS-laden materials in lined facilities designed to minimize leakage. However, PFAS compounds are highly mobile and persistent, and may eventually leach through even well-engineered systems.
Attempts to destroy PFAS using high temperatures. Inconsistent combustion conditions can result in incomplete breakdown and the formation of unwanted byproducts.
Captures PFAS in filters or resins. The spent media contains concentrated PFAS and typically requires disposal through landfilling or incineration, where the compounds remain intact.
Separates PFAS from water using high-pressure membranes. This process produces a concentrated waste stream that still requires additional treatment or disposal.

Growing Challenges for Landfills and Waste Managers

Evolving Regulations Raise the Stakes

Landfills must now develop site-specific risk assessments and acceptance policies for PFAS waste. This increases operational complexity and drives up costs throughout waste management.

Subtitle D Lacks the Resources to Manage PFAS

PFAS is not yet federally classified as hazardous, so it is often disposed of in Subtitle D landfills, which are intended for non-hazardous materials. These facilities are not optimized for long-term containment of persistent chemicals like PFAS.

Strained Capacity and Growing Demand

Subtitle C landfills, which are designed for hazardous waste, are already facing capacity constraints. As demand for PFAS disposal rises, these sites experience:

  • Long wait times
  • Higher transportation costs
  • Increased rejection rates
  • Rising disposal prices
PFAS Liability is Long-Term

PFAS can leach for decades, meaning risks don’t end when a landfill closes. Even well-managed facilities may face long-term environmental and financial exposure.

Department of Defense (DoD) Updates Interim PFAS Destruction Guidance

The DoD has updated its 2023 Interim Guidance on PFAS Destruction, formally recognizing hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT) as an emerging technology under review. This update marks a critical step toward shifting away from conventional disposal methods like incineration and landfilling, positioning destruction technologies as key solutions for PFAS waste management.

Why this Matters:
  • Shifting Focus from Traditional Disposal Methods: The DoD is reevaluating its approach to managing PFAS-rich waste, including aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) concentrate and rinsate. This shift underscores the growing emphasis on destruction-based technologies over containment solutions.
  • Commitment to Environmental and Public Health Protection: By reducing dependence on landfilling and incineration, the DoD is taking proactive steps to mitigate long-term environmental risks associated with PFAS. These advancements in destruction technologies are expected to significantly reduce the impact of PFAS on ecosystems and public health.

Hydrothermal Alkaline Treatment (HALT) Explained

Aquagga’s HALT technology combines temperature, pressure, and an alkaline amendment to effectively break the strong carbon-fluorine bonds that hold PFAS together, achieving complete mineralization and destruction.

How HALT Fits In

Aquagga’s technology interfaces with PFAS separation and concentration providers to process larger volumes of contaminated waste into a more concentrated liquid. 

The HALT system then intakes this PFAS-rich feedstock for complete destruction, resulting in clean water without any unwanted byproducts.

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Safe & Reliable
Simple to operate, with automated controls and robust safety systems.
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Cost-Savings
Eliminates the need for offsite PFAS transport, storage, and disposal.
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Effective for Leachate
Destroys long, short, and ultra short-chain PFAS.
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Scalable for Site Needs
Modular and adaptable, does not disrupt existing site operations.
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Closed-Loop Treatment
No reintroduction of PFAS contaminants in the environment.
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Complete PFAS Treatment
Pairs well with separation & concentration technologies.

Onsite Destruction: A New Path Forward

Across the industry, onsite PFAS destruction technologies are gaining attention for good reason. PFAS destruction solutions, like HALT, can:

  • Reduce transport and disposal challenges
  • Expand service offerings at existing and future hazardous waste sites
  • Provide a permanent solution to PFAS contamination
  • Help manage regulatory risk and long-term liability

For landfill operators and waste managers, onsite destruction offers a path to meet emerging requirements while maintaining control over cost, compliance, and capacity.

Resources for Landfill Managers